Animal Model:	Rat Prenatal Variable Stress
Preparation Type:	Developmental Preparations
DA-related behavior:	Increased response to amphetamine and PCP with post-pubertal onset
Gating:	Disrupted PPI and N40
Cognitive behavior:	Impaired object and social recognition; deficits in Morris water maze; impaired cued and contextual fear conditioning; impairment in sustained attention and inhibitory response control
Social behavior:	Impaired social interaction present in adolescent and adult rats; reversal by oxytocin; no effect of cross-fostering
Molecular/morphological signature:	NMDA, GABAergic and presynaptic protein dysregulation; reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal volume; decreased BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus (strain dependent); altered pattern of apical dendritic maturation of pyramidal neurons (males only)
Response to APD:	Social interaction deficit not improved by haloperidol
Citations:	Kinnunen AK, Koenig JI, Bilbe G. Repeated variable prenatal stress alters pre- and postsynaptic gene expression in the rat frontal pole. J Neurochem . 2003 Aug 1 ; 86(3):736-48. Abstract Koenig JI, Elmer GI, Shepard PD, Lee PR, Mayo C, Joy B, Hercher E, Brady DL. Prenatal exposure to a repeated variable stress paradigm elicits behavioral and neuroendocrinological changes in the adult offspring: potential relevance to schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res . 2005 Jan 30 ; 156(2):251-61. Abstract Mandyam CD, Crawford EF, Eisch AJ, Rivier CL, Richardson HN. Stress experienced in utero reduces sexual dichotomies in neurogenesis, microenvironment, and cell death in the adult rat hippocampus. Dev. Neurobiol. 68 (5): 575-589. Abstract Markham JA, Taylor AR, Taylor SB, Bell DB, Koenig JI. Characterization of the cognitive impairments induced by prenatal exposure to stress in the rat. Front Behav Neurosci. 2010;4:173. Abstract Markham JA, Mullins SE, Koenig JI. Peri-adolescent maturation of the prefrontal cortex is sex-specific and disrupted by prenatal stress. J Comp Neurol. 2012 Abstract Neeley EW, Berger R, Koenig JI, Leonard S. Strain dependent effects of prenatal stress on gene expression in the rat hippocampus. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(2):334-9. Abstract Wilson CA, Schade R, Terry AV Jr. Variable prenatal stress results in impairments of sustained attention and inhibitory response control in a 5-choice serial reaction time task in rats. Neuroscience. 2012;218:126-37. Abstract